Text and Binary Streams · Byte and Wide Streams · Controlling Streams · Stream States
A program communicates with the target environment by reading and writing files (ordered sequences of bytes). A file can be, for example, a data set that you can read and write repeatedly (such as a disk file), a stream of bytes generated by a program (such as a pipeline), or a stream of bytes received from or sent to a peripheral device (such as the keyboard or display). The latter two are interactive files. Files are typically the principal means by which to interact with a program.
You manipulate all these kinds of files in much the same way
-- by calling library functions. You include the standard header
<stdio.h>
to declare most of these functions.
Before you can perform many of the operations on a file, the
file must be
opened.
Opening a file associates it with a
stream, a data structure within
the Standard C library that glosses over many differences
among files of various kinds.
The library maintains the state of each stream in an object of type
FILE
.
The target environment opens three files prior to
program startup.
You can open a file by calling the library function
fopen
with
two arguments. The first argument is a
filename, a
multibyte string
that the target environment uses to identify which file you
want to read or write. The second argument is a
C string that specifies:
Once the file is successfully opened, you can then determine
whether the stream is
byte oriented (a
byte stream) or
wide oriented (a
wide stream).
Wide-oriented streams are supported only with
Amendment 1.
A stream is initially
unbound.
Calling certain functions to operate on the stream makes it byte oriented,
while certain other functions make it wide oriented. Once established,
a stream maintains its orientation until it is closed by a call to
fclose
or
freopen
.
A
text stream consists of one or more
lines of text
that can be written to a text-oriented display so that they can
be read. When reading from a text stream, the program reads an
NL
(newline) at the end of each line.
When writing to a text stream, the program writes an
NL
to signal the end of a line. To match
differing conventions among target environments for representing text
in files, the library functions can alter the number and representations
of characters transmitted between the program and a text stream.
Thus, positioning within a text stream is limited.
You can obtain the current
file-position indicator
by calling fgetpos
or
ftell
.
You can position a text stream at a position obtained this way,
or at the beginning or end of the stream, by calling
fsetpos
or
fseek
.
Any other change of position might well be not supported.
For maximum portability, the program should not write:
space
characters at the end of a line
NL
at the end of a file)
NL
, and HT
(horizontal tab)
If you follow these rules, the sequence of characters you read from a text stream (either as byte or multibyte characters) will match the sequence of characters you wrote to the text stream when you created the file. Otherwise, the library functions can remove a file you create if the file is empty when you close it. Or they can alter or delete characters you write to the file.
A binary stream consists of one or more bytes of arbitrary information. You can write the value stored in an arbitrary object to a (byte-oriented) binary stream and read exactly what was stored in the object when you wrote it. The library functions do not alter the bytes you transmit between the program and a binary stream. They can, however, append an arbitrary number of null bytes to the file that you write with a binary stream. The program must deal with these additional null bytes at the end of any binary stream.
Thus, positioning within a binary stream is well defined,
except for positioning relative to the end of the stream.
You can obtain and alter the current
file-position indicator
the same as for a text stream.
Moreover, the offsets used by
ftell
and
fseek
count bytes from the beginning of the stream (which is byte zero),
so integer arithmetic on these offsets yields predictable results.
A byte stream treats a file as a sequence of bytes. Within the program, the stream looks like the same sequence of bytes, except for the possible alterations described above.
By contrast, a
wide stream treats a file as a sequence of
generalized multibyte characters,
which can have a broad range of encoding rules.
(Text and binary files are still read and written as described above.)
Within the program, the stream looks like the corresponding sequence of
wide characters.
Conversions between the two representations occur
within the Standard C library. The conversion rules can, in principle,
be altered by a call to
setlocale
that alters the category
LC_CTYPE
.
Each wide stream determines its conversion rules
at the time it becomes wide oriented, and retains
these rules even if the category
LC_CTYPE
subsequently changes.
Positioning within a wide stream suffers the same limitations as for
text streams. Moreover, the
file-position indicator
may well have to deal with a
state-dependent encoding.
Typically, it includes both a byte offset within the stream
and an object of type
. Thus, the only
reliable way to obtain a file position within a wide stream is by calling
fgetpos
,
and the only reliable way to restore a position
obtained this way is by calling
fsetpos
.
fopen
returns the address of an object of type
FILE
.
You use this address as the stream
argument to several library
functions to perform various operations on an open file. For a byte
stream, all input takes place as if each character is read by calling
fgetc
,
and all output takes place as if each character is written by calling
fputc
. For a wide stream (with
Amendment 1),
all input takes place as if each character is read by calling
fgetwc
,
and all output takes place as if each character is written by calling
fputwc
.
You can
close a file by calling
fclose
,
after which the address of the
FILE
object is invalid.
A FILE
object stores the state of a stream, including:
Do not alter any value stored in a
FILE
object or in
a file buffer that you specify for use with that object.
You cannot copy a
FILE
object
and portably use the address of the copy
as a stream
argument to a library function.
The valid states, and state transitions, for a stream are:
Each of the circles denotes a stable state. Each of the lines denotes a transition that can occur as the result of a function call that operates on the stream. Five groups of functions can cause state transitions.
Functions in the first three groups are declared in
<stdio.h>
:
fgetc
,
fgets
,
fread
,
fscanf
,
getc
,
getchar
,
gets
,
scanf
, and
ungetc
fprintf
,
fputc
,
fputs
,
fwrite
,
printf
,
putc
,
putchar
,
puts
,
vfprintf
, and
vprintf
fflush
,
fseek
,
fsetpos
, and
rewind
Functions in the remaining two groups are declared
in <wchar.h>
:
fgetwc
,
fgetws
,
fwscanf
,
getwc
,
getwchar
,
ungetwc
, and
wscanf
,
fwprintf
,
fputwc
,
fputws
,
putwc
,
putwchar
,
vfwprintf
,
vwprintf
, and
wprintf
,
For the stream s
, the call
fwide(s, 0)
is always valid and never causes a change of state. Any other call to
fwide
, or to any of the five
groups of functions described above, causes the state transition shown
in the state diagram. If no such transition is shown, the function
call is invalid.
The state diagram shows how to establish the orientation of a stream:
fwide(s, -1)
,
or to a byte read or byte write function, establishes the stream as
byte oriented.
fwide(s, 1)
,
or to a wide read or wide write function, establishes the stream as
wide oriented.
The state diagram also shows that you must call one of the position functions between most write and read operations:
Finally, the state diagram shows that a position operation never decreases the number of valid function calls that can follow.
See also the Table of Contents and the Index.
Copyright © 1989-1996 by P.J. Plauger and Jim Brodie. All rights reserved.